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Authors
Frausto-Avila, Christian M.
Manriquez-Amavizca, Juan P.
Rocha-Robledo, Ana K. S.
Quiroz-Juarez, Mario A.
U’Ren, Alfred B.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
SECIHTI/CONAHCyT (CF-2023-I-149)
Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IA103325)
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Article History
Received: 11 February 2026
Accepted: 1 June 2026
First Online: 11 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: This study is based exclusively on de-identified, publicly available ECG recordings from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database and the St. Petersburg INCART 12-lead Arrhythmia Database, distributed through PhysioNet under their open-access terms. As the work is a secondary analysis of anonymized open data and did not involve human participants, animals, or identifiable personal information, no additional ethics approval or informed consent was required. The research was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
