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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2022R1A2C1092497)
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Article History
Received: 6 August 2025
Accepted: 12 September 2025
First Online: 4 October 2025
Declarations
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: The PDAC dataset were reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board at Seoul National University Hospital (IRB No. 1601-137-739). Obesity dataset was Approved by Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Institutional Review Board (IRB), approval numbers TLV-0658-12, TLV-0050-13 and TLV-0522-10; Kfar Shaul Hospital IRB, approval number 0–73; and Weizmann Institute of Science Bioethics and Embryonic Stem Cell Research oversight committee. Reported to , NCT: NCT01892956.
: The informed consent was waived under IRB approval. This study is a retrospective designed study using only data from blood samples that have already been obtained.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
