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Article History

Received: 4 June 2024

Revised: 9 August 2024

Accepted: 27 August 2024

First Online: 17 September 2024

Declarations

:

: The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

: In Sweden, research with human participants must comply with Law (2003: 460) on ethical review of research concerning people. According to the law, research is to be conducted in such a way that the dignity and autonomy of human research participants is respected, and the research does not cause significant risks, damage or harm to research participants, communities, or other subjects of research. Ethical review is to be carried out prior to gathering data, if the research includes one or more of the following factors: (1) The research involves physical intervention, on living or deceased person. (2) The research is carried out with a method that aims to affect the research participant physically or mentally or involves an obvious risk of harm. (3) The research is performed on biological material from a living or deceased human being and can be traced back to that person. (4) The research involves processing sensitive personal data (ethic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs, membership of trade unions, genetic and biometric data, health information, and data around a person’s sex life or orientation) or of personal data relating to criminal offenses. If none of the above factors is met, the application for ethical approval from the The Swedish Ethical Review Authority is not required, and it is neither possible to get approval from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority for research that does not fall within the scope of the law. In the current research, none of the above factors was met, therefore, ethical approval is not warranted. Participants were informed that their participation was anonymous, that they had the right to withdraw at any time, and were provided with the researchers’ contact information.