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Authors
Ellwanger, Amanda L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1537-3200
Morrow, Kristen S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8373-4514
Dhawale, Ashni Kumar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7185-9870
Scharf, Henry R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9266-4191
Ngakan, Putu Oka https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1383-2661
Riley, Erin P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2679-0595
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (#2222891)
San Diego State University
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Article History
Received: 31 March 2025
Revised: 10 October 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 12 February 2026
Declarations
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: We have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: We consulted the ASP/IPS Code of Best Practices for Field Primatology when designing and conducting this research. We conducted this research with ethical clearance and research permits from Indonesia’s National Agency for Research and Innovation (BRIN) and Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), as required by Indonesian law. The research complied with protocols approved by the San Diego State University and Georgia State University IRB and IACUC committees.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
