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Article History

Received: 11 July 2025

Accepted: 13 August 2025

First Online: 4 September 2025

Declarations

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: Richard Mellor, Cooper Bussberg, Carol Mansfield, and Kelley Myers are employees of RTI Health Solutions, an independent nonprofit research organization, which was funded by Breakthrough T1D to conduct the research that is the subject of this manuscript. Stephen R. Karpen and Marjana Marinac are employees of Breakthrough T1D which funded the research that is the subject of this manuscript. Linda A. DiMeglio holds stock in Eli Lilly (current), is a consultant for Tandem (current), and has been a symposium speaker for Sanofi (past). She has or has had research grants to her institution for trials from Eli Lilly (past), MannKind (current), Medtronic (current), Sanofi (current), Zealand (past) and serves on Data and Safety Monitoring Boards for Eli Lilly and Merck for non-diabetes indications. Peter Senior is supported by the Alberta Academic Medicine Health Services Program and holds the Charles A Allard Chair in Diabetes Research. He has received personal fees from Abbott, Bayer, Dexcom, GSK, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Vertex, and Ypsomed. He is the medical director of Alberta Health Services Clinical Islet Transplant Program. Jennifer L. Sherr has conducted clinical trials for Abbott Diabetes Care, Dexcom, JDRF/Breakthrough T1D, Insulet, Medtronic, and Provention Bio and has received in-kind support for research studies from Dexcom and Medtronic. She has consulted for Abbott Diabetes, Insulet, Medscape, Medtronic, Vertex, and Ypsomed. She has been a member of advisory boards for Cecelia Health, Insulet, MannKind, Medtronic Diabetes, StartUp Health T1D Moonshot, and Vertex.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments. The study was approved by RTI International’s institutional review board (approval no. 22757). All study participants provided informed consent prior to participation, and additionally, for adolescent interviews, verbal parental consent and adolescent assent were obtained prior to participation. All participants were informed that participation was voluntary, that they could withdraw from the study at any time, and that the interviews would be audio recorded and transcribed. Additionally, all participants were informed that if the study findings were presented at scientific meetings or published in journals, no information would be included that could identify them or their answers personally.