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Article History

Received: 12 May 2025

Accepted: 20 August 2025

First Online: 25 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Navdeep Tangri has received grants, personal fees, and other from Tricida Inc.; grants and personal fees from Astra Zeneca Inc., Janssen, and Bayer; personal fees from Otsuka Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim/Eli Lilly, and Roche; other from PulseData and Mesentech; personal fees and other from Renibus outside the submitted work. He is also the founder of Klinrisk (which develops models for CKD progression) and ClinPredict Inc. (which implements models for electronic health records), and serves as a scientific advisor to PulseData Inc. (which develops customized machine learning models for adverse outcomes in kidney disease). Keith A. Betts and Jingyi Chen are employees of Analysis Group, Inc., a company that provided paid consulting services to the study sponsor, Bayer U.S. LLC. Sophie Gao and Hongjiao Liu were employees of Analysis Group, Inc. during the conduct of this study. Sophie Gao is now an employee of Taketa Inc. Hongjiao Liu is now a research associate at the University of Cambridge. Rakesh Singh, Yuxian Du, Youssef M.K. Farag, and Samuel T. Fatoba were employees of Bayer U.S. LLC during the development of this study, and may own stock options. Rakesh Singh is now an employee of Eli Lilly and Company. Yuxian Du is now an employee of Johnson & Johnson. Youssef M.K. Farag is now an employee of Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease Unit. Samuel T. Fatoba is now an employee of BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. Arvind Katta is an employee of Bayer U.S. LLC and may own stock options. Thomas Ferguson has received consulting fees from Klinrisk Inc., Strategic Health Resources, Quanta Dialysis Technologies Ltd., ClinPredict Ltd., and Guidepoint Global LLC, outside the submitted work, participates in the advisory board to the Loin Pain Hematuria study, and owns stock from Klinrisk Inc. Ajay K. Singh has received grants from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; consulting fees from Bayer, GSK, Zydus, Nephrology Times, and Chinook; and he is now an employee of Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease Unit. Reid Whitlock and Silvia J. Leon have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

: The authors received permission from Optum to access their database. This study was considered exempt research under 45 CFR § 46.104(d)(4) as it involved only the secondary use of data that were de-identified in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), specifically, 45 CFR § 164.514.