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Article History

Received: 12 August 2025

Accepted: 11 September 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Robert Ritzel has acted as a consultant/advisor and speaker for Novo Nordisk and Sanofi, and has acted as a speaker for Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Sanofi. Melanie J. Davies has acted as a consultant/advisor and speaker for Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi, has attended advisory boards for AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biomea Fusion, Carmot/Roche, Sanofi, Zealand Pharma, Regeneron, GSK, and EktaH and has acted as a speaker for AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. She has received grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novo Nordisk. Linong Ji reports receiving consulting or lecture fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Fosun Pharma, Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals, Innovent Biologics, Merck, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Sinocare and Sibionics. Lichen Hao, Lintu MK and Aileen Mabunay are employees of Sanofi and may hold shares and/or stock options in the company. Didac Mauricio has received advisory board and/or speaking fees from AB-Biotics, Abbott, Almirall, Amarna, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Ferrer, Gilead, Medtronic, Menarini, MSD, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. Timothy Bailey has received research support from Corcept, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk and vTv Therapeutics, and consulting honoraria from Mannkind, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi.

: This observational study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice (GCP), Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practice (GPP), and all applicable laws, rules and regulations for observational studies. Sanofi signed a contractual agreement with Optum, the owners of the Clinformatics ® Data Mart, which included permission to access and use the database for this study. This study was exempt from institutional review board review as Optum data only contains de-identified health information as described by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) Privacy Rule. No direct identifiers of individuals, employers, households, or providers are included. Therefore, this study did not meet the definition of human subject research; consequently, informed consent was not required.