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Authors
Johannes, Catherine B.
Coleman, Craig I.
Kovesdy, Csaba P.
Khan, Anam M.
Ziemiecki, Ryan
Layton, J. Bradley
Vizcaya, David
Liu, Fangfang
Oberprieler, Nikolaus G.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bayer AG
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Article History
Received: 9 September 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 9 December 2025
Declarations
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: Fangfang Liu and Nikolaus G. Oberprieler are employees of Bayer, which funded this study. David Vizcaya was an employee of Bayer at the time the research was conducted. Catherine B. Johannes, Anam M. Khan, Ryan Ziemiecki, and J. Bradley Layton are or were employees of RTI Health Solutions, which received research funding for this study from Bayer. Craig I. Coleman has received grant funding and consulting fees from Bayer AG and AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals. Csaba P. Kovesdy received consulting fees from Abbott, Akebia, Ardelyx, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cara Therapeutics, CSL Behring, CSL Vifor, GSK, Pharmacosmos, ProKidney, Renibus and Takeda.
: This study was deemed not to constitute research involving human subjects according to 45 Code of Federal Regulations 46.102(f) and deemed exempt from board oversight and from full review by the RTI International institutional review board. Data from Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics ® Data Mart Database (Optum ® CDM) are compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, and the study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments. No permission was required for access to or use of Optum ® CDM. Patient consent for participation and patient consent for publication were not applicable.
