Document is current

Article History

Received: 23 September 2025

Accepted: 28 November 2025

First Online: 24 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Semiu O. Gbadamosi—employee of Novo Nordisk Inc. and shareholder of Novo Nordisk A/S at the time of submission of the article. This author has now left this affiliation but does not currently have a new affiliation. David Shi—employee of Novo Nordisk Inc. and shareholder of Novo Nordisk A/S. Abdalla Aly—employee of Novo Nordisk Inc. and shareholder of Novo Nordisk A/S. Caichen K. Zhong—employee of Novo Nordisk Inc. and shareholder of Novo Nordisk A/S. Husam Albarmawi—employee of Novo Nordisk Inc. and shareholder of Novo Nordisk A/S. Aidan McGovern—employee of Novo Nordisk Inc. and shareholder of Novo Nordisk A/S. Anthony Hoovler—employee of Novo Nordisk Inc. and shareholder of Novo Nordisk A/S. Carlos Campos—speaker and consultant for Novo Nordisk Inc.

: Optum ® ’s deidentified Clinformatics ® Data Mart Database administrative claims submitted for payment by providers and pharmacies were verified, adjudicated, and de-identified prior to inclusion. All data were anonymized, and this study was compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and did not require institutional review board approval or patient consent. This study leveraged Novo Nordisk’s license of Optum CDM data.