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Authors
Hirota, Yushi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3035-4155
Nishikage, Seiji https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4348-6118
Osaga, Satoshi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4459-2469
Singh, Ambrish https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-7507
Shingaki, Tomotaka https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1568-9763
Kojima, Taisuke https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7956-5378
Ishii, Masamichi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4228-1723
Miyo, Kengo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6111-3154
Ogawa, Wataru https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0432-4366
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Eli Lilly Japan K.K.
Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation
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Article History
Received: 30 June 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: Yushi Hirota received payment or honoraria from Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Sanofi K.K., Abbott Japan LLC., Terumo Corp., Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Medtronic Japan Co. Ltd., Dexcom Inc., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Teijin Pharma Ltd., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Novartis Pharma K.K., Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., Roche Diagnostics K.K., Kowa Co. Ltd., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., LifeScan Japan K.K., Nipro Corp., and Mochida Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; and grants or contracts from Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., Medtronic Japan Co. Ltd., Abbott Japan LLC., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., and Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd. Satoshi Osaga, Tomotaka Shingaki, and Taisuke Kojima are employees of Eli Lilly Japan K.K. and may own stock or stock options of Eli Lilly and Company. Ambrish Singh is an employee of Eli Lilly Services India Private Limited and may own stock or stock options of Eli Lilly and Company. Kengo Miyo received grants or contracts from Mitsubishi Electric Software Corp. and NEC Corp.; and donations from Ship Healthcare Holdings Inc., SoftBank Corp., and NEC Corp. Wataru Ogawa received lecture fees from Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Abbott Japan, and Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd.; grants or contracts from Noster Co. Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, and Kowa Co. Ltd; and payments or honoraria from Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Terumo Corp., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., MSD K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Viatris Pharmaceuticals, LLC., Amgen K.K., Pfizer Japan Inc., Sanofi K.K., Abbott Japan LLC., Johnson & Johnson K.K., Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., Kowa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., Mistubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Eisai Co. Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Noster Inc.. Seiji Nishikage and Masamichi Ishii have nothing to disclose.
: The study was conducted per ethical principles originating from the Declaration of Helsinki and was compliant with the Japanese “Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Biological Research Involving Human Subjects.” The Ethics Committee of Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine approved this study on 22 April 2024 (approval number B240017). Individual informed consent was not required due to the study’s retrospective and non-interventional nature. The IwOD received information regarding the study from the participating institution’s website and retained the right to opt-out.
