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Article History

Received: 19 November 2025

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

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: The authors have given lectures, received honoraria and research support, and participated in conferences, advisory boards, and clinical trials sponsored by many pharmaceutical companies. However, no pharmaceutical company had any role in the scientific content of the present article, which has been written independently, and reflects only the opinion of the authors, without any role by the industry. The following conflicts of interest were reported: Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events were received by Thamer Alessa from Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, and Servier; Heba Alrajab from CSL Vifor, Bayer, Amgen, Novo Nordisk, and AstraZeneca (consulting fees were also received); Anas Alyousef from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Amgen, Bayer, and Vifor CSL. Waleed Aldahi and Asrar Alsayed Hashem received honoraria for lectures and presentations from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and Merck. Khaldoon Al-Humood has given lectures and received honorariums from Medtronic, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), Novartis, and Servier. Dr. Alrajab has received payment for expert testimony from CSL Vifor and AstraZeneca. Dr. Alrajab received support to attend meetings and/or travel from ATC, Fresenius and Roche; and Dr. Alsayed Hashem and Dr. Aldahi received support for attending medical conferences and meetings by Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly; and Dr Alessa by Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. Authors who participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board include Dr. Alessa for Novo Nordisk; Dr. Alrajab for CSL Vifor, Sobi – Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, and AstraZeneca; Dr. Alyousef for Sobi, and Vifor CSL; Dr. Alsayed Hashem for Algorithm. Dr. Alyousef is also President of the Kuwait Nephrology Association; he does not receive fees for this role. Dr. Alsayed Hashem is President of the Kuwait Obesity Association and Dr. Aldahi is the President of the Kuwait Diabetes Society. Both Dr. Alsayed Hashem and Dr. Aldahi have participated in public awareness campaigns for obesity and diabetes in Kuwait. Dr. Aldahi has participated in advisory boards for several companies, including Novo Nordisk. Dr. Alrajab has held a leadership or fiduciary role in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with CSL Vifor, Sobi – Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, and AstraZeneca. Manfredi Rizzo has given lectures, received honoraria and research support, and participated in conferences, advisory boards, and clinical trials sponsored by many pharmaceutical companies, including Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biodexa, Boehringer Ingelheim, Kowa, Eli Lilly, Meda, Mylan, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, and Servier. Manfredi Rizzo is an Editorial Board member of Diabetes Therapy. He was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor for any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Abdullah Alenezi, Rashed Alhamdan, Torki Alotaibi, Ahmed Alqallaf, and Abdulmuhsen Alshammari have nothing to disclose.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.