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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 23 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Max Nieuwdorp is the founder and serves on the scientific advisory boards of Caelus Pharmaceuticals and Advanced Microbiome Interventions, the Netherlands. However, none of these COIs bear direct relevance to the current content of this paper. All other authors (Bregje de Louweren and Victor E.A. Gerdes) declare no conflicts of interest. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.