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Authors
Wang, Shanshan
Sun, Bei
Zhu, Dongdong
Shen, Zewei
Zhong, Xing
Chen, Liming https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5682-2340
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Novo Nordisk
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Article History
Received: 19 December 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 18 March 2026
Declarations
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: Dongdong Zhu, Zewei Shen and Xing Zhong are employees of Novo Nordisk. Zewei Shen also holds shares of Novo Nordisk. Liming Chen has received research funding (paid to his institution) from AstraZeneca and Lilly. Shanshan Wang and Bei Sun declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Guidelines for Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practices. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital, which was independent of the researchers and study sponsor. Participant informed consent was not required for this database study. Database permission was granted to the Tianjin Healthcare and Medical Big Data Platform. The IRB number for this study is ZXYJNYYkMEC2025-10.
