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Article History

Received: 3 February 2026

Accepted: 31 March 2026

First Online: 24 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Andrej Janez has served as a consultant and is on Speakers Bureaus for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Abbott, Novo Nordisk, Medtronic, and Sanofi. Mojca Jensterle reports receiving lecture honoraria from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Novartis and Sanofi and being an advisory board member of Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Amgen and Pfizer. Manfredi Rizzo has given lectures, received honoraria and research support and participated in conferences, advisory boards and clinical trials sponsored by many pharmaceutical companies, including Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biodexa, Boehringer Ingelheim, Kowa, Eli Lilly, Meda, Mylan, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and Servier. Manfredi Rizzo is an Editorial Board member of Diabetes Therapy. Manfredi Rizzo was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Imran Rashid Rangraze, Mohamed El-Tanani, Viviana Maggio, Syed Arman Rabbani, Ana Munda, Elhadi Eltayeb Abbas, Humam Sami Ali, Mohammad Rashid Farooqi, and Mohamed Anas Faruk Patni have nothing to disclose.

: The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved on September 5, 2024 by the institutional ethical committee of the RAK Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah (protocol n. RAKMHSU-HEC-86-2023/24-F-M). All participants provided written informed consent for participation and for the use of anonymized data for research purposes.