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Article History

Received: 28 March 2026

Accepted: 12 June 2026

First Online: 9 July 2026

Declarations

:

: Shaogui Zhang, Xuan Zhao, Jianteng Xie, Yifan Zhang, Yanhui Wang, Xiaojie Chen, Qiuling Li, Danfeng Liu, Runli Jia, Weiting He, Yaxi Zhu, Hanchen Hou, Sheng Li, Fanna Liu, Yiming Zhang, Rongshao Tan, Hongquan Peng, Jie Li, and Wenjian Wang have nothing to disclose.

: The protocol of study was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the institutional review board of the Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital [NO. GDREC2019513H(R1)]. This central ethics approval encompassed all eight clinical centers participating in the Southern Chinese Registration Network of Diabetic Kidney Disease (SCRENDKD) database. All authors received formal authorization from the SCRENDKD database committee to access and analyze the anonymized data for this study. All participants provided written informed consent for the collection of demographic, clinical, and laboratory data; the storage and analysis of anonymized information; and the publication of aggregated results without personal identification. All data collection, biochemical testing, and clinical management adhered to routine standard clinical practice and relevant clinical guidelines. All patient data were fully de-identified and anonymized; no individual could be identified directly or indirectly from the analyzed dataset.