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Article History

Received: 28 July 2026

Accepted: 5 September 2026

First Online: 28 September 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Theodoros Panou has nothing to disclose. Evanthia Gouveri has attended conferences sponsored by Berlin-Chemie, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Lilly and Boehringer Ingelheim; received speaker honoraria by Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi and Menarini. Djordje S. Popovic declares associations with Abbott, Alkaloid, Amicus, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Berlin-Chemie, Eli Lilly, Galenika, Krka, Merck, Novo Nordisk, PharmaSwiss, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, Viatris, and Wörwag Pharma. Nikolaos Papanas has been an advisory board member of AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Menarini, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Takeda and TrigoCare International; has participated in sponsored studies by AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, GSK, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Novartis and Sanofi-Aventis; has received honoraria as a speaker for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Elpen, KRKA, Menarini, MSD, Mylan, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis and Vianex; and has attended conferences sponsored by TrigoCare International, Eli Lilly, Galenica, Menarini, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Sanofi-Aventis. Nikolaos Papanas is an Editorial Board member of Diabetes Therapy . Nikolaos Papanas was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript or any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

Ethical Approval: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.