Moran, Katherine
Grigorian, Areg
Elfenbein, Dawn
Schubl, Sebastian
Jutric, Zeljka
Lekawa, Michael
Nahmias, Jeffry
Article History
Received: 20 January 2020
Accepted: 16 April 2020
First Online: 24 April 2020
Compliance with ethical standards
:
: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
: This research involved humans. However, since this retrospective study was performed using a national database with deidentified patients, risk to participants is minimal.
: American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the hospitals participating in the ACS NSQIP are the source of the data used herein; they have not verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the authors.
: There was no consent required.