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Article History
Received: 14 April 2025
Accepted: 28 April 2025
First Online: 14 May 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: This study used de-identified data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP). As such, it did not involve direct interaction with human participants and was exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) review.
