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Article History

Accepted: 9 March 2025

First Online: 5 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Federal Office of Public Health (BAG, Switzerland): unrestricted grant number 10. 001359/204.0001/-738; Departmental Research Grant (Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland).

: WW: Conceptualization, methodology, PK/ PD modeling, writing—original draft; RG: Conceptualization, investigation, methodology, project administration, supervision, validation, writing—review & editing; LT: Conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology; MKB: Conceptualization, investigation, methodology, validation, writing—original draft.

: This study was conducted with ethics committee approval (Cantonal Ethics Committee Bern, approval number KEK 241–09) and approval of the relevant authorities (Federal Office of Public Health of the Swiss Confederation, Swissmedic). It was registered at (registration number ISRCTN53019164). This study was part of a larger trial on pharmacokinetics of intravenous THC.

: All volunteers gave written informed consent prior to enrollment.

: All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study. No identifiable clinical photo of a patient or identifiable patient data are included in the publication. Hence no consent for publication to publish their data is required from individual patients.

: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request and with ethics committee approval and approval of the relevant authorities.

: The code for the Phoenix pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic model can be requested from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.