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Article History

Received: 29 July 2025

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: The authors declare that all the data supporting the findings of this study are contained within the paper and/or available on request from the corresponding author.

: Ayman O. S. El-Kadi: conceptualization, supervision, writing—review and editing, visualization, project administration, funding acquisition. Sara A. Helal: methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, visualization. Samar H. Gerges: writing—review and editing. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

: Not applicable

: All the animal experimental procedures adhered to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, as established by the US National Institutes of Health, and were approved by the Alberta Health Sciences Animal Policy and Welfare, Study number (AUP00000249)