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Article History

Received: 15 January 2026

Accepted: 21 April 2026

First Online: 16 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Merck Healthcare KGaA (CrossRef Funder ID: 10.13039/100009945).

: Benedikt Lang: employee of Merck Healthcare KGaA; Hanno Schieferstein: employee of Merck Healthcare KGaA; Kai Thede: employee of Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Berlin, Germany; Matthias Bader: employee of Nuvisan GmbH, Grafing, Germany; Tianjing Ren: employee of EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA; Jatinder Kaur Mukker: employee of EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA; and Holger Scheible: employee of Merck Healthcare KGaA.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Any requests for data by qualified scientific and medical researchers for legitimate research purposes will be subject to Merck’s (CrossRef Funder ID: ) Data Sharing Policy. All requests should be submitted in writing to Merck’s data sharing portal ( ). When Merck has a co-research, co-development, or co-marketing or co-promotion agreement, or when the product has been out-licensed, the responsibility for disclosure might be dependent on the agreement between parties. Under these circumstances, Merck will endeavor to gain agreement to share data in response to requests.

: Not applicable.

: Benedikt Lang, Hanno Schieferstein, Kai Thede, Matthias Bader, Tianjing Ren, Jatinder Kaur Mukker, Holger Scheible: Conceptualization, Writing-Original Draft, Writing—Review and Editing.