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Article History

Received: 23 April 2025

Accepted: 1 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: RN has received honoraria from Sanofi Co., Ltd., Japan Medtronic Co., Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Teijin, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Abbott, Eli Lilly Japan Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Co., Ltd., and Astellas Pharma Inc. RN has also received consulting fees from Abbott and Novo Nordisk Pharma Co., Ltd. Additionally, departments affiliated with RN have received research funding from Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Abbott, Arkley Co., Ltd., Kowa Co., Ltd., and SANWA. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

: This study, entitled "Retrospective Study on Novel Antidiabetic Agents in Type 2 Diabetes," was approved on April 14, 2025, by the Research Ethics Committee of Jikei University School of Medicine (Approval No. 36-481(12602)). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments. This retrospective study used anonymized clinical data collected during routine medical care. Written informed consent was not obtained; instead, an opt-out method approved by the ethics committee was employed. Information regarding the study was disclosed on the institutional website, and participants were given the opportunity to refuse the use of their data.