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Article History

Received: 28 August 2025

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Change Date: 6 July 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: Figures 2, 3 and few formatting errors were corrected.

Declarations

Conflict of interest: Mitsuhisa Komatsu has received honoraria for lectures from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., MSD, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Astellas Pharma Inc., Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., Teijin Pharma Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K., and Kowa Pharmaceutical Co., and for research activities for Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd. Hirotaka Watada has received honoraria for lectures for Sumitomo Pharma, Taisho, Embecta, GSK, Sanofi, Kowa, Bayer, Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Abott Japan, Teijin, Roche DC Japan, MSD, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusyo, Daiichi Sankyo, Kyowa Kirin, and for research activities for Sumitomo Pharma, Taisho, SBI Pharma, Kowa, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusyo, Boehringer Ingelheim, Teijin, Abott Japan, Lifescan Japan, Takeda, Sougoui Kagakuken Kyusho. Satoshi Tsuboi and Hiroshi Kobayashi are employed by Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd. Hiroshi Kobayashi holds RSU for Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd.

Ethical standards: This study used secondary data, provided by Medical Data Vision (MDV) Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) and collected from approximately 450 hospitals that had provided consent for secondary use of data.