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Authors
Appell, Matthew B.
Kanan, Yogita
Malmberg, Kiersten
Appidi, Tejaswini
Khan, Mahmood
Campochiaro, Peter A.
Ensign, Laura M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Eye Institute (R01EY031041)
National Eye Institute (P30EY001765)
National Eye Institute (T32EY007143)
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Article History
Received: 16 July 2025
Accepted: 30 January 2026
First Online: 9 February 2026
Declarations
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: All procedures, protocols, and medications were approved by the Johns Hopkins University Animal Care and Use Committee and were performed in accordance with the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology statement for use of animals in ophthalmic and vision research, and the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of laboratory animals.
: L.M.E. is a co-inventor on patents related to topical eye drops that are licensed to Novus Vision LLC. L.M.E. is a co-founder and on the Board of Directors for Novus Vision LLC. The terms of this arrangement are being managed by the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. P.A.C. has no conflicts directly related to manuscript, but unrelated to the manuscript serves as consultant for Cove, ExgenesisBio, Exonate, Ltd, Genentech, Neuvasq, Merck & Co Inc, and Perfuse. He has equity in Cove and JHU receives research support from Cove, Genentech, Ocular Therapeutics, Oxford Biomedica, and RegenxBio. These interests are managed in accordance with JHU policies. The other authors declare no competing interests.
