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Article History

Received: 12 January 2026

Accepted: 13 May 2026

First Online: 23 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Adriana O. Santos and Gilberto Alves are inventors on a patent application related with the nanoemulsion described in this manuscript (WO2022259205A1), title “Self-emulsifying composition, production methods and uses thereof”, filed June 9th, assigned to University of Beira interior, of which the related European patent EP4351515A1 and the United States patent US20240277615A1 are pending. Regine Sitruk-Ware is an inventor on the use of Nestorone for neuroprotection, United States Patent 9,446,051 B2, to Sitruk-Ware, Schumacher, Brinton, El-Etr, Ghoumari and Guennoun, titled, “Neuroprotection and Myelin Repair Using Nestorone,” filed December 21, 2012. Issued September 20, 2016; and United States patent 10,052,335 to Sitruk-Ware, Schumacher, Brinton, El-Etr, Ghoumari and Guennoun, entitled, “Neuroprotection and Myelin Repair Using Nestorone,” filed October 19, 2010. Issued August 21, 2018. Authors Sara Meirinho, Catarina Diniz, Susana Alves Ferreira, Shimin Zhang, Narender Kumar, Gaohong Di, Manuel Navarro-Oviedo, Jesús M Pradillo, Ignacio Lizasoain and Graça Baltazar declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed. The experimental protocols were reviewed and approved, either by the competent national authority [Portuguese General Directorate for Food and Veterinary (DGAV – Direção Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária)], in agreement with the regulations of the European Directive 2010/63/EU and Portuguese law (Decreto-Lei nº 113/2013): reference 0421/000/000/2023 002871); or by the Animal Welfare Committee of Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares and Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio de la Comunidad de Madrid (Real Decreto [RD] 53/2013; PROEX 016/18 and 219.3/24) following European directives 86/609/ Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) and 2010/63/ European Union (EU) and reported in accordance with Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiment guidelines.