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Effect of Ion and Electron Beam Treatments on Titanium and its Alloys: A Critical Review on Structure, Properties, and Applications

Published Online: 2025-12-20

Authors

Gudala, Suresh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0405-5829
Shubert, Anna

Konovalov, Sergey
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (24-79-10178)
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-12-20

Version of Record valid from 2025-12-20
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Article History

Received: 6 April 2025

Accepted: 8 December 2025

First Online: 20 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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