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Article History

Received: 19 September 2025

Accepted: 25 December 2025

First Online: 14 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The author(s) declare no competing interests, whether financial, professional, or personal, that could influence or be perceived to influence the work described in this manuscript.

: During the preparation of this work, the authors utilized advanced language assistance tools, specifically Grammarly and Perplexity, to enhance the quality of writing, improve grammar, and support clarity and coherence throughout the manuscript. All content generated or suggested by these tools was critically reviewed, edited, and validated by the authors to ensure accuracy and alignment with the scientific intent of the work. The authors take full responsibility for the final version of the manuscript, its integrity, and the conclusions drawn therein.

: The computational framework for this study was implemented using MATLAB-based simulations grounded in the Non-Equilibrium Green’s Function (NEGF) formalism. This approach was employed to model quantum transport properties in graphene.