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Article History

Received: 27 March 2026

Accepted: 6 July 2026

First Online: 15 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study involving human samples and data strictly adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients included provided written informed consent, and the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Haian People’s Hospital (approval number: 2025-K003-01) and the Ethics Committee of Hubei Cancer Hospital (approval number: LLHBCH2025YN-100). The animals in the experiments were obtained from Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University (Nantong, China). All experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University (Approval No. S20260209-003). All procedures were conducted in strict accordance with the national guidelines for animal welfare in China and the principles of the European Directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering. Euthanasia was performed in compliance with the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.