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Authors
Zainuddin, Norafiza https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7481-8062
Shamsul, Nur Rasyiqah
Nasri, Dhea Maisarah Ahmad
Ismail, Hamizah
Faudzi, Fikriah
Anuar, Sabiqah Tuan
Chinglenthoiba, Chingakham
Ezraneti, Riri
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
International Islamic University Malaysia (SRG25-167-0167)
International Islamic University Malaysia
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Article History
Received: 27 August 2025
Accepted: 21 December 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: Norafiza Zainuddin, Nur Rasyiqah Shamsul, Dhea Maisarah Ahmad Nasri, Hamizah Ismail, Fikriah Faudzi, Sabiqah Tuan Anuar, Chingakham Chinglenthoiba, and Riri Ezraneti declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
: This study was ethically approved on 22nd March 2025 by the IIUM Research Ethical Committee (IREC), Malaysia, in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, the International Conference on Harmonization—Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP), the Malaysian Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (Malaysia GCP), and the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) International Ethical Guidelines (Approval ID: IREC 2025–058).
