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Article History

Received: 29 May 2023

Accepted: 25 July 2023

First Online: 4 August 2023

Declarations

:

: We further confirm that any aspect of the work covered in this manuscript that has involved either experimental animals or human patients has been conducted with the ethical approval of all relevant bodies and that such approvals are acknowledged within the manuscript. We confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing, we confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The magnetically active Gd³⁺ ions in the Bi³⁺ site by the citrate gel auto-combustion technique to study how the Gd³⁺ substitution effects the structural and magnetic properties of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles.