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Article History

Received: 26 March 2024

Accepted: 19 June 2024

First Online: 2 July 2024

Declarations

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: The authors of this study have several conflicts of interest. Arash Mostaghimi receives consulting fees from Pfizer, hims, Digital Diagnostics, Concert, Lilly, Abbvie, Equillium, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Arash Mostaghimi also owns equity in hims, Figure 1, Acom, Seebe. He receives licensing fees and royalties from Pfizer, Concert, and Lilly. He serves on the medical advisory board for hims, Figure 1, and Digital Diagnostics. Arash Mostaghimi oversees clinical trials for Lilly and Concert. David E Fisher has a financial interest in Soltego, a company developing salt inducible kinase inhibitors for topical skin-darkening treatments that might be used for a broad set of human applications. The interests of David E Fisher were reviewed and are managed by Massachusetts General Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies. He also has consulting and equity in Tasca, and consulting relationships with Biocoz, and Torqur. Kanika Kamal, David Xiang, Katherine Young and Nicholas Theodosakis have nothing to disclose.

: This study was deemed exempt from the MassGeneral Brigham Institutional Review Board as it is non-human subjects research. Patient consent acquired by the United Kingdom Biobank.