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Article History

Received: 2 June 2025

Accepted: 28 August 2025

First Online: 8 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Maria Esposito has served as speaker/consultant for Abbvie, Amgen, Almirall, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leopharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi Regeneron and UCB. Alessandro Giunta has served as speaker/consultant for Abbvie, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Sandoz and UCB. Maria Concetta Fargnoli has served on advisory boards, received honoraria for lectures and/or research grants from AMGEN, Almirall, Abbvie, Boehringer-Ingelheim, BMS, Galderma, Kyowa Kyrin, Leo Pharma, Pierre Fabre, UCB, Lilly, Pfizer, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Sanofi-Regeneron and Sunpharma. Cataldo Patruno has acted as speaker, consultant and/or advisory board member AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Galderma, Leo Pharma, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre and Sanofi. Maddalena Napolitano has acted as speaker, consultant and/or advisory board member for Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Incyte and Sanofi. Andrea De Berardinis, Luca Potestio and Lina Maria Magnanimi have nothing to disclose.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.