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Article History

Received: 29 July 2025

Accepted: 29 September 2025

First Online: 24 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Kim A. Papp received investigator fees, speaker fees, clinical research grants, and/or honoraria from AbbVie, Akros, Amgen, Anacor, Arcutis, Astellas, Avillion, Bausch Health/Valeant, Baxalta, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Can-Fite Biopharma, Celgene, Celltrion, Coherus, Dermavant, Dermira, DICE Therapeutics, Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences, Evelo Biosciences, Forbion, Galapagos NV, Galderma, Genentech, Gilead, GSK, Incyte, Janssen, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, Lilly, MedImmune, Meiji Seika Pharma, Merck, Merck Serono, Mitsubishi Pharma, Moberg Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, PRCL Research, Regeneron, Reistone, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi Aventis/Genzyme, Sun Pharma, Takeda, UCB, vTv Therapeutics, and Xencor. James Q. Del Rosso received investigator fees, speaker fees, clinical research grants, and/or honoraria from Aclaris Therapeutics, Almirall, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Arcutis, Athēnix, Biofrontera, BioPharmX, Biorasi, BlueCreek Dermatologics, BMS, Botanix Pharmaceuticals, Brickell Biotech, Cara Therapeutics, Cassiopea SpA, Dermata Therapeutics, Dermavant, Dermira, Encore Dermatology, Evommune, Ferndale Laboratories, Foamix, Galderma, Genentech, Incyte, JEM Health, La Roche-Posay Laboratorie Pharmaceutique, LEO Pharma, Lilly ICOS, L’Oreal USA, Mayne Pharma, Menlo Therapeutics, Novan, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Promius Pharma, Ralexar Therapeutics, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Sebacia, Sentée Labs, Sol–Gel Technologies, Sonoma Pharmaceuticals, Sun Pharma, Trevi Therapeutics, UCB, Unilever Home & Personal Care USA, Verrica, and Viamet Pharmaceuticals; and received salary as an employee of Regeneron. Mark G. Lebwohl is an employee of Mount Sinai and received research funds from AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Avotres, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dermavant, Incyte, Janssen, Lilly, Ortho Dermatologics, Regeneron, and UCB; and is a consultant for Aditum Bio, Almirall, AltruBio, AnaptysBio, Arcutis, Aristea Therapeutics, Arrive Technologies, Avotres, BiomX, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cara Therapeutics, Castle Biosciences, Corrona, Dermavant, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Evelo Biosciences, Evommune, Facilitation of International Dermatology Education, Forte Biosciences, Foundation for Research and Education in Dermatology, Helsinn Therapeutics, Hexima, LEO Pharma, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mindera, Pfizer, Seanergy Dermatology, and Verrica. Mark G. Lebwohl is an Editorial Board member of Dermatology and Therapy . Mark G. Lebwohl was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Melinda J. Gooderham received investigator fees, speaker fees, and/or honoraria from AbbVie, Akros, Amgen, Arcutis, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Dermavant, Dermira, Galderma, GSK, Incyte, Janssen, Kyowa Kirin, Lilly, MedImmune, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sun Pharma, UCB, and Valeant/Bausch Health. Adelaide A. Hebert received research grants from Arcutis, Brickell Biotech, Galderma, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Mayne Pharma, Ortho Dermatologics, and Pfizer; has received honoraria from Almirall, Arcutis, BMS, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Verrica, and Vyne; and serves on data safety monitoring boards for Bausch Health, GSK, Regeneron, and Sanofi. H. Chih-ho Hong served as a consultant and/or advisory board member for AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Avillion, Bausch Health, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Celltrion, Cutanea, Dermira, Dermavant, DS Biopharma, Evelo Biosciences, Galderma, GSK, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lilly, MedImmune, Merck, Mirimar, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and UCB. Leon H. Kircik received investigator fees, speaker fees, clinical research grants, and/or honoraria from 3M Pharmaceuticals, Abbott Laboratories, Ablynx, Acambis, Allergan, Almirall, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Aqua Pharmaceuticals, Arcutis, Astellas, Asubio Pharmaceuticals, Bayer Consumer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Beiersdorf, Biogen, Biolife, Biopelle, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Botanix Pharmaceuticals, Breckenridge Pharma, Cassiopea SpA, Celgene, Cellceutix, Centocor Ortho Biotech, ChemoCentryx, CollaGenex Pharmaceuticals, ColBar LifeScience, Connetics Corporation, Coria Laboratories, Dermavant, Dermik Laboratories, Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences, DUSA Pharmaceuticals, Embil Pharmaceutical Co, EOS Pharmaceutical Corp, Ferndale Laboratories, Galderma, Genentech, GSK, Healthpoint, Incyte, Intendis, ISDIN, Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products, Laboratory Skin Care, LEO Pharma, MC2 Therapeutics, Medical International Technologies, Medicis Pharmaceutical Corporation, Merck, Merck Serono, Merz Pharmaceuticals, NanoBio Corporation, Novartis, Nucryst, Obagi Medical Products, Onset Dermatologics, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Pharmaderm, Promius Pharma, PuraCap Pharmaceutical, QLT Inc, Sandoz, SkinMedica, Stiefel, Sun Pharma, Taro Pharmaceuticals, TolerRx, Triax Pharmaceuticals, Valeant, Warner Chilcott, Xenoport, and Zalicus. David M. Pariser received investigator fees, speaker fees, clinical research grants, and/or honoraria from Almirall, Amgen, AOBiome, Asana Biosciences, Biofrontera, BMS, Brickel Biotech, Celgene, Dermira, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Menlo Therapeutics, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Regeneron, and Sanofi. Linda Stein Gold received investigator fees, speaker fees, and/or honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, BMS, Dermavant, Dermira, Galderma, Incyte, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Regeneron, UCB, and Valeant/Bausch Health. Bruce Strober received investigator fees, speaker fees, consulting fees, stock options, and/or honoraria for AbbVie, Acelyrin, Alamar Biosciences, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Arcutis, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Aristea Therapeutics, Asana Biosciences, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Capital One, Celltrion, Connect Biopharm, CorEvitas, CorEvitas Psoriasis Registry, Dermavant, Imagenebio, Incyte, Janssen, Journal of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis , Kangpu Pharmaceuticals, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Maruho, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mindera, Monte Carlo, Novartis, Pfizer, Protagonist Therapeutics, RAPT Therapeutics, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, SG Cowen, Sun Pharma, Takeda, UCB, Union Therapeutics, Ventyx Biosciences, and vTv Therapeutics. Melissa S. Seal, David Krupa, Patrick Burnett, David R. Berk, and Robert C. Higham are employees of Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. David H. Chu was an employee of Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. at the time of this analysis and initial manuscript preparation; he is currently an employee of Castle Creek Biosciences, Inc.

: These trials were conducted in accordance with ethical principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guideline E6. The study protocol, protocol amendments, patient information sheets, informed consent forms, assents, investigator brochure, and other relevant documents (e.g., advertisements) were submitted by each investigator to the appropriate institutional review board or independent ethics committee (Supplemental Table  ), reviewed, and approved by them before the study was initiated. DERMIS-1 and DERMIS-2 were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki [ ] and the International Council for Harmonisation Guideline E6. Patients (and/or their parents or guardians) provided written informed consent; assent was also obtained when applicable. The investigators obtained written consent from patients for their photographs and medical information to be published in print and online and with the understanding that this information may be publicly available. Patient consent forms were not provided to the journal but are retained by the investigators.