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Article History

Received: 10 October 2025

Accepted: 30 October 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Matthew Zirwas is an investigator, consultant, and/or speaker for the following organizations: Abbvie, Acrotech, Advanced Derm Solutions, Aldeyra, All Free Clear/Sun, Amgen, Anaptys Bio, Apogee, Arcutis, Basuch and Lomb, Beiersdorf, Biocon, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cara, Sun, Dermavant, Edessa Biotech, Evelo, Galderma, Google, Incyte, Janssen, L’Oreal, LEO Pharma, Level-Ex, Lilly, LUUM, Meta, Nimbus, Novan, Novartis, Pfizer, Q32 Bio, Regeneron, Sanofi, Supernus, Takeda, Trevi, Trifecta, UCB, and Verrica. Peter Lio is on the speaker’s bureau for AbbVie, Arcutis, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Hyphens Pharma, Incyte, La Roche-Posay/L’Oreal, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre Dermatologie, Regeneron/Sanofi Genzyme, Verrica; reports consulting/advisory boards for Alphyn Biologics (stock options), AbbVie, Almirall, Amyris, Arcutis, ASLAN, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Burt’s Bees, Castle Biosciences, Codex Labs (stock options), Concerto Biosci (stock options), Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lipidor, L’Oreal, Merck, Micreos, MyOR Diagnostics, Regeneron/Sanofi Genzyme, Skinfix, Suneco Technologies (stock options), Theraplex, UCB, Yobee Care (stock options). In addition, Peter Lio has a patent pending for a Theraplex product with royalties paid and is a Board member and Scientific Advisory Committee Member emeritus of the National Eczema Association. Lawrence Rasouliyan, Amanda G. Althoff, and Danae A. Black are employees and may own stock options in OMNY Health, a company that received funding from Galderma for data access and research services. Lorenzo Sabatelli is an employee and shareholder of Galderma. Gil Yosipovitch has served as an investigator for or received grants or research funding from Galderma, Eli Lilly, Escient, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Sanofi; has received consulting fees from and/or participated as an advisor for Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Bellus Health, Cara, Eli Lilly, Escient, Galderma, GSK, Kamari, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sanofi, Trevi Therapeutics, and Vifor Pharma; and has held leadership or fiduciary role in IFSI, NEA, and NPF IEC scientific organizations: Abbvie, Acrotech, Advanced Derm Solutions, Aldeyra, All Free Clear/Sun, Amgen, Anaptys Bio, Apogee, Arcutis, Basuch and Lomb, Beiersdorf, Biocon, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cara, Sun, Dermavant, Edessa Biotech, Evelo, Galderma, Google, Incyte, Janssen, L’Oreal, Leo, Level-Ex, Lilly, LUUM, Meta, Nimbus, Novan, Novartis, Pfizer, Q32 Bio, Regeneron, Sanofi, Supernus, Takeda, Trevi, Trifecta, UCB, and Verrica.

: Per US federal regulations [45 CFR 46.102(e)(5)], studies conducted in de-identified databases like the one used in this study are exempt from study-specific investigational review board reviews as they do not meet the definition of research on human subjects. De-identified data were obtained through partnership agreements with each data holder. As this study does not meet the criteria for research involving human subjects, obtaining patient consent for participation and publication was not required.