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Article History

Received: 26 August 2025

Accepted: 4 November 2025

First Online: 22 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Gil Yosipovitch is an advisory board member for AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Attovia, Eli Lilly, Escient Pharmaceuticals, Galderma, GSK, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, and Vifor; has received grants/research funding from Amgen, Celldex, Eli Lilly, Escient Pharmaceuticals, Galderma, Kiniksa, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc.; is an investigator for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Sanofi; and provides research support and is a consultant for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. Brian S. Kim is a consultant for AbbVie, Abrax Japan, Almirall, Alys Pharmaceuticals, Cara Therapeutics, Clexio Biosciences, Eli Lilly, Escient Pharmaceuticals, Evommune, Galderma, Neurommune Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, RecensMedical, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, and Septerna; and he is also co-founder of Alys Pharmaceuticals and Neurommune Therapeutics. John Y. Koo has been a speaker and/or consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, EPI, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics/Valeant, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc./Sanofi, Sun, and UCB. Zhen Chen, Joseph Zahn, and Sonya L. Cyr are employees and shareholders of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. Simmi Wiggins, Philip Sugerman, and El-Bdaoui Haddad are Sanofi employees and may hold stock and/or stock options in the company.

: The studies included in this analysis were conducted in accordance with the protocol and consensus ethical principles derived from international guidelines, including the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and other applicable laws and regulations. Authors received participants’ consent to participate. Each participant provided written informed consent to participate and publish prior to their participation in the study.