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Article History

Received: 24 September 2025

Accepted: 5 December 2025

First Online: 20 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Raj Chovatiya served as an advisor, consultant, speaker, and/or investigator for AbbVie, Acelyrin, Alumis, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Apogee Therapeutics, Arcutis Biotherapeutics Inc., Argenx, Astria Therapeutics Inc., Avalere Health, Beiersdorf, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cara Therapeutics, Castle Biosciences, CLn Skin Care, Dermavant, Eli Lilly and Company, EMD Serono, Formation Bio, Galderma, Genentech, GSK, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Kenvue, LEO Pharma, L’Oréal, Nektar Therapeutics, Novartis, Opsidio, Pfizer Inc., RAPT, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sitryx, Takeda, TRex Bio, and UCB and is an Editorial Board member of Dermatology and Therapy but was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. April Armstrong received research grants and personal fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leo Pharma, and Novartis; personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim/Parexel, Celgene, Dermavant, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Menlo Therapeutics, Merck, Modernizing Medicine, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Science 37, Sun Pharma, and Valeant; and grants from Dermira, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, and UCB, outside the submitted work. Leon Kircik received research grants from AbbVie, Allergan, Almirall, Amgen, Arcutis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Breckinridge Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Cellceutix, Centocor, Combinatrix, Connetics, Coria, Dermavant, Dermira, Dow Pharma, Dr Reddy’s Laboratories, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Idera, Johnson & Johnson, Leo Pharma, Maruho, Merck, Medicis, Novartis AG, Pfizer, PharmaDerm, Promius, Stiefel, Sun Pharma, UCB, Valeant, and XenoPort and honoraria from AbbVie, Allergan, Almirall, Amgen, Arcutis, Biogen Idec, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Cipher, Connetics, Dermavant, Dermira, Dr Reddy’s Laboratories, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Leo Pharma, Merck, Novartis AG, PharmaDerm, Promius, Serono (Merck Serono International SA), Stiefel, Sun Pharma, Taro, UCB, and Valeant. Lluís Puig received consultancy/speaker’s honoraria from and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by Abbvie, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Fresenius-Kabi, J&J Innovative Medicine, Leo-Pharma, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, STADA, Sun-Pharma, and UCB and is an Editorial Board member of Dermatology and Therapy but was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Mark G. Kirchhof served as a consultant for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Sanofi-Genzyme and on the speakers bureau for AbbVie, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, and Sanofi-Genzyme and has received grants from the Canadian Dermatology Foundation. Tiago Torres received consultancy and/or speaker’s honoraria from, and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by, AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Biocad, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Fresenius-Kabi, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly, MSD, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, Samsung-Bioepis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Sandoz and UCB and is an Editorial Board member of Dermatology and Therapy but was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Yousef Binamer received consultancy/speaker’s honoraria and travel support from AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Kyowa Kirin, NewBridge, Novartis, and Sanofi and research grants from AbbVie, Novartis, and Sanofi. Gleison Duarte served as a scientific consultant, speaker, or clinical trial investigator for Abbvie, Bayer, Janssen, Leo-Pharma, Galderma, Sanofi, Boehringer, Novartis, Pfizer, Amgen, Celldex, and UCB. Bülent Akmaz is an employee of Almirall. Martin Dossenbach, Gaia Gallo, Chao Yang, Lucia Seminario-Vidal, and Yuxin Ding are employees of, and own stock in, Eli Lilly and Company, which funded this research. Jonathan I. Silverberg received honoraria as a consultant and/or advisory board member for Abbvie, Aldena, Aldena, Amgen, AObiome, Apollo, Arcutis, Arena, Asana, Aslan, Attovia, Bodewell, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristell-Meyers Squibb, Cara, Castle Biosciences, Celgene, Connect Biopharma, Corevitas, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, FIDE, Formation Bio, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte, Inmagene, Invea, Kiniksa, Leo Pharma, Merck, Nektar, Novartis, Optum, Pfizer, RAPT, Recludix, Regeneron, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, Shaperon, TARGET-RWE, Teva, Triveni, Union, UpToDate; speaker for Abbvie, Arcutis, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Leo Pharma, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi-Genzyme; institution received grants from Galderma, Incyte, Pfizer.

: The ADhere and CHRONOS trials were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the ethics committees of the respective institutions. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients enrolled in the trials; however, informed consent for this analysis was not required because it used anonymized data from previously published studies and did not involve primary data collection.