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Article History

Received: 29 October 2025

Accepted: 5 December 2025

First Online: 9 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Sonja Ständer has received grants or contracts from Almirall S.A., Beiersdorf A.G., Galderma S.A., Sanofi Genzyme Corporation, and Trevi Therapeutics Inc.; received consulting fees from AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co., Amgen Inc., Bellus Health Cough Inc., Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Clexio Biosciences Ltd., Galderma S.A., Klirna Biotech Inc., Omnicuris Healthcare Private Ltd., Pfizer Inc., P.G. Unna Academy, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Sanofi-Aventis R&D, Sanofi Genzyme Corporation, and Vifor Pharma Deutschland GmbH; received payment or honoraria from lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureau, and/or manuscript writing or education writing from Beiersdorf A.G., CRM GmbH, FomF GmbH, Galderma Laboratorium GmbH, Galderma S.A., L’Oréal, Novartis Pharma GmbH, Pfizer Pharma GmbH, P.G. Unna Akademie e.V., Sanofi-Aventis (Schweiz) A.G., Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Sanofi B.V., Sanofi Genzyme Europe B.V., Sanofi Genzyme Corporation, Sanofi Hong Kong Ltd., Sanofi OY, Streamed-Up! GmbH, TouchIME, UCB Pharma GmbH, Vifor Pharma Deutschland GmbH, and WebMD Global LLC; received support for attending meetings and/or travel from AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co., Attovia Therapeutics Inc., Trevi Therapeutics Inc., Galderma Laboratorium GmbH, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Sanofi Genzyme Corporation, and Vifor Pharma Deutschland GmbH; and participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board at Amgen Europe GmbH, Focus-Insight Healthtech Group Co. Ltd., Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Almirall Hermal GmbH, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH Co. KG, Almirall S.A., Celldex Therapeutics Inc., Galderma R&D, LLC., Galderma Laboratorium GmbH, Galderma S.A., Grünenthal GmbH, Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Sanofi Genzyme Corporation, and Vifor Pharma Deutschland GmbH. Manuel P. Pereira has received research funding from Almirall, Clinuvel, and Pfizer; worked as a consultant for AbbVie, Galderma, Incyte, and Sanofi; was a speaker for AbbVie, Beiersdorf, Doctorflix, Eli Lilly, Falk Foundation, FomF GmbH, GA 2 LEN, Galderma, Novartis, P.G. Unna Academy, Sanofi, StreamedUP, TouchMDT, and Zai Lab; received travel fees from AbbVie, Celltrion, CSL Behring, GA 2 LEN, Galderma, Pfizer, and Sanofi; was an investigator for Allakos, Amgen, Celldex Therapeutics, Escient, Incyte, Mitsubishi, and Sanofi, and participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board at AbbVie, Galderma, and Sanofi. Mariëlle Eerdekens, Lucia Garcia-Guerra, Fabienne Percot, Rita Freitas, and Tamara Quandel are employees of Grünenthal GmbH, Germany, or its affiliates. Samuel Allen is an employee of Averitas Pharma, USA. Michael Überall has received grants or contracts from Grünenthal GmbH, Strathmann, and Stada (all paid to institution); received consulting fees from Almirall, Grünenthal GmbH, Stada, and Dermapharm (all paid to institution); received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, and manuscript writing or educational events from Averitas Pharma GRT Therapeutics, Grünenthal GmbH, GSK, Hexal, Johnson & Johnson, Mibe Pharmaceuticals, Nestlé, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Strathmann, Teva, Tilray, Trommsdorff, and Viatris (all paid to institution); received payment for expert testimony from Averitas Pharma GRT Therapeutics (paid to institution); received support for attending meetings and/or travel from Averitas Pharma GRT Therapeutics, Grünenthal GmbH, GSK, Teva, and Viatris (all paid to institution); participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Grünenthal GmbH and Viatris (all paid to institution); and had a leadership or fiduciary role on another board for the German Pain Association and German Pain League (all personal).

: This noninterventional cohort study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national and regulatory requirements. All participants (physicians and patients) provided their written informed consent prior to participation in the GPeR, authorizing the use of their anonymized data for healthcare research purposes. The study concept and evaluation of anonymized data from the GPeR were reviewed and approved by the steering committees of the German Pain Association and the German Pain League, with the latter paying particular attention to ensuring that patients’ rights are upheld within the framework of this study. Since this retrospective study only refers to depersonalized data (i.e., of patients, physicians, and treatment facilities) from routine care, no approval from an ethics committee was required. The study concept has been registered in the European Medicines Agency registry for noninterventional/epidemiological studies (European post‐authorization study [EU PAS] identifier: 1000000106) to make this evaluation public. CASPAR is registered with the European Network of Centers for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance in the European Union Electronic Registry of Post-Authorization Studies. All analyses were performed using only anonymized data to comply with German guidelines on protection of data privacy and with the European Union General Data Protection Regulation.