Document is current

Article History

Received: 31 October 2025

Accepted: 5 December 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Scott Gottlieb serves as a consultant and advisory board member for Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Lilly, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, and UCB. Aaron S. Farberg has been an advisor for Amgen, Apogee, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle Biosciences, Feldan, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, and Sun Pharma. Neal Bhatia is an advisor, consultant, and investigator for AbbVie, Almirall, Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Beiersdorf, Biofrontera, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cara Therapeutics, Dermavant Sciences, EPI Health, Ferndale, Galderma, Incyte, ISDIN, Johnson & Johnson, La Roche-Posay, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, and Verrica Pharmaceuticals. Mir Sohail Fazeli, Kimberly Hofer, and Otto Lam report employment with Evidinno Outcomes Research Inc. Victoria Barghout is CEO of Viver Health LLC, which receives funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Sun Pharma, and Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Jacob Mathew reports employment with Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc. Thomas J Ferro reports past employment with Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc., and current employment with Data Loft, Inc.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not include any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.