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Article History

Received: 1 October 2025

Accepted: 17 December 2025

First Online: 23 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Henner Zirpel is a salaried employee of Almirall Hermal GmbH, Reinbeck, Germany, and has received support for meeting attendance and/or travel from Pfizer, UCB Pharma, Almirall, Janssen, and TriNetX. Linh Ha-Wissel has received support for meeting attendance and travel from AbbVie. Sarah Hobelsberger reported clinical trial support from Almirall and Pierre Fabre, advisor’s honoraria from Almirall, AbbVie, and Bristol Myers Squibb, speaker’s honoraria from Almirall, UCB, Bristol Myers Squibb, and AbbVie, and travel support from UCB, Janssen Cilag, Almirall, Novartis, Lilly, LEO Pharma, and AbbVie. Stefan Beissert has served as consultant/advisor for AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co, Actelion Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Almirall-Hermal GmbH, Amgen GmbH, Celgene GmbH, Galderma Laboratorium GmbH, Janssen Cilag GmbH, Leo Pharma GmbH, Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Menlo Therapeutics, MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Novartis Pharma GmbH, Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, UCB Pharma GmbH. He has received speaker’s honoraria from Novartis Pharma GmbH, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co, MSD, Pfizer, Janssen-Cilag, Roche-Posay, Actelion, GSK, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene GmbH, Almirall-Hermal GmbH, Hexal-Sandoz, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH. Evelyn Gaffal has served as an investigator and/or consultant/advisor for AbbVie, Almirall, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen Cilag, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Sanofi, and UCB. She has received grants from Almirall and Sanofi. Ruth Bauer, Jenia Neumeister, and Kristina Lohmann are salaried employees of AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG and may own stock/options. Diamant Thaçi has served as an investigator and/or consultant/advisor for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen-Cilag, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, La Roche Possay, New Bridge, Novartis, Regeneron, Sandoz, Sanofi, Samsung, Pfizer, Target-RWE Solution, UCB, and Vichy. He has received grants from AbbVie, LEO Pharma, and Novartis. Lena Pommerien has nothing to declare.

: Ethical approval for the study was granted through the local ethics committee of the University of Lübeck for prospective inclusion of the patients (old ethics file number #20-170A, new file number #2023-800) and for the subsequent analysis (#22-133). All individuals provided written informed consent upfront for inclusion in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.