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Article History

Received: 25 October 2025

Accepted: 17 December 2025

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Andrew Blauvelt has served as a speaker (received honoraria) for Almirall, Eli Lilly and Company, and UCB; a scientific adviser (received honoraria) for AbbVie, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Apogee, Arcutis, Astria, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Corvus, Dermavant, Eli Lilly and Company, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Immunovant, Incyte Corporation, IQVIA, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lipidio, Merck, Novartis, Oruka, Paragon, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Spherix Global Insights, Sun Pharma, Syncona, Takeda, UCB, Union, and Zai Lab; a clinical study investigator (institution received clinical study funds) for AbbVie, Acelyrin, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Arcutis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Eli Lilly and Company, Galderma, Incyte Corporation, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Takeda, and UCB; and owns stock in Lipidio and Oruka. Leon Kircik has served as an investigator, consultant, or speaker for AbbVie, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Arcutis, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Glenmark, Incyte Corporation, Kamedis, LEO Pharma, L’Oreal, Menlo Therapeutics, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, and Taro. Eric L. Simpson has served as an investigator for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, LEO Pharma, Merck, Pfizer, and Regeneron and as a consultant with honoraria for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Forte, Galderma, Incyte Corporation, LEO Pharma, Menlo Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Valeant. Peter Lio reports research grants/funding from AbbVie, AOBiome, and Regeneron/Sanofi Genzyme; is on the speakers bureau for Eli Lilly, Galderma, Hyphens Pharma, Incyte Corporation, LEO Pharma, L'Oreal, Pfizer, and Regeneron/Sanofi Genzyme; reports consulting/advisory boards for AbbVie, Almirall, Altus Labs (stock options), Amyris, AOBiome, Arbonne, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals, Bodewell, Bristol Myers Squibb, Burt's Bees, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Exeltis, Galderma, IntraDerm, Johnson & Johnson, LEO Pharma, L'Oreal, Menlo Therapeutics, Merck, Micreos (stock options), Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre, Realm Therapeutics, Regeneron/Sanofi Genzyme, Theraplex, and Unilever; has a patent pending for a Theraplex product with royalties paid; and is a board member of the National Eczema Association. Lawrence F. Eichenfield has served as a consultant, speaker, advisory board member, or investigator for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Apogee, Arcutis, Attovia, Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle Biosciences, CorEvitas, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Forte, Galderma, Incyte Corporation, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Target RWE, T-Rex, and UCB. Vimal H. Prajapati has served as an adviser, consultant, and/or speaker for AbbVie, Actelion, Amgen, Apogee Therapeutics, Aralez, Arcutis, Aspen, Bausch Health, BioScript Solutions, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Cipher, Concert, CorEvitas, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Homeocan, Incyte Corporation, JAMP Pharma, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Kenvue, LEO Pharma, Medexus, Novartis, Organon, Pediapharm, Pfizer, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, Tribute, UCB, and Valeant; served as an investigator for AbbVie, AnaptysBio, Arcutis, Arena, Asana, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Concert, CorEvitas, Dermavant, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Incyte Corporation, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, LEO Pharma, Nektar Therapeutics, Nimbus Lakshmi, Novartis, Pfizer, RAPT Therapeutics, Regeneron, Reistone, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, Takeda, UCB, and Vyne Therapeutics; and received grants from AbbVie, Bausch Health, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, and Sanofi Genzyme. Parbeer Grewal served as an adviser, consultant, speaker, and/or investigator for AbbVie, Amgen, Anacor, Apogee Therapeutics, Arcutis, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Aspen Pharmaceuticals, Avillion, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Cipher, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte Corporation, Innovaderm, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen, LEO Pharma, Meiji Seika Pharma, Med Plan, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi-Aventis/Genzyme, Sandoz, Sun Pharmaceuticals, Takeda, UCB, and Vitae. Charles Lynde has served as a speaker and/or consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Aralez, Arcutis, Bausch Health, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Cipher, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kabi, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte Corporation, Innovaderm, Intega Skin, Janssen, Kyowa Kirin, La Roche Posay, LEO Pharma, L’Oreal, Medexus, MedX, Merck, Novartis, P&G, Pediapharm, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Sandoz, Sentrex, Sun Pharma, TEVA, Tribute, UCB, Valeant, Viatris, and Volo Health and has served as a principal investigator for AbbVie, Acelyrin, Akros, Altius, Amgen, Aralez, Arcutis, Avillion, Bausch Health, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Cipher, Concert, Dermavant, Devonian, Eli Lilly, Evelo, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte Corporation, Innovaderm, Intega Skin, Janssen, Kyowa Kirin, La Roche Posay, LEO Pharma, L’Oreal, Medexus, MedX, Merck, MoonLake, Novartis, P&G, Pediapharm, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Sandoz, Sentrex, Sun Pharma, TEVA, Tribute, UCB, Valeant, Viatris, and Volo Health. H. Chih-ho Hong has served as a speaker, adviser, consultant, and/or investigator for AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Cutanea, Dermira, Dermavant, DS Biopharma, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte Corporation, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Medimmune, Merck, Mirimar, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Roche, and UCB. Daniel Sturm, Howard Kallender, Haobo Ren, and Dilan Paranagama are employees and shareholders of Incyte Corporation. Grace K. W. Wong is an employee of Incyte Biosciences Canada and a shareholder of Incyte Corporation. Bob Geng has served as a speaker and consultant for AbbVie, Pfizer, Regeneron, and Sanofi and as a consultant for Incyte Corporation and LEO Pharma.

: These studies were conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines, provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki, and applicable regulations. Study protocols were approved by each site’s institutional review board.