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Article History

Received: 3 November 2025

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 23 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Tiago Torres has been an advisor, consultant, investigator and/or speaker for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Biocad, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Fresenius Kabi, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly, MSD, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, Samsung-Bioepis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Sandoz, and UCB. Tiago Torres, Luis Puig, Paolo Gisondi, Jose Manuel Carrascosa, and Anna Lopez-Ferrer are members of the editoral board of Dermatology and Therapy. Tiago Torres, Luis Puig, Paolo Gisondi, Jose Manuel Carrascosa, and Anna Lopez-Ferrer were not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript or any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Francesca Prignano served as advisory board member and consultant and has received fees and speaker's honoraria or has participated in clinical trials for AbbVie, Almirall, Leo Pharma, Eli-Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Biogen, Sanofi Genzyme, UCB, and Boehringer-Ingelheim. Esteban Dauden has the following conflict of interests: Advisory Board member, consultant, grants, research support, participation in clinical trials, honorarium for speaking, with the following pharmaceutical companies: Abbvie/Abbott, Almirall, Amgen-Celgene, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen-Cilag, Leo-Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, MSD-Schering-Plough, Lilly, UCB, Brystol-Myers and Boehringer-Ingelheim. Mar Llamas-Velasco has the following conflict of interests: Advisory Board member, consultant, grants, research support, participation in clinical trials, honorarium for speaking, with the following pharmaceutical companies: Abbvie/Abbott, Almirall, Amgen-Celgene, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Brystol-Myers, Cantabria Labs, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen-Cilag, Leo-Pharma, Kyowa-Kirin, Novartis, Lilly, UCB. Anna Balato has served as speaker and/or has received fees from Abbvie, Almirall, Amgen, BI, BMS, Eli-Lilly, Janssen, Leo-Pharma, Novartis, Sanofi, UCB. Matteo Megna has acted as a speaker or consultant for Almirall, Abbvie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Leo Pharma, Janssen, Novartis, and UCB. Luis Puig has received consultancy/speaker’s honoraria from and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Fresenius-Kabi, Horizon (DSMB), J&J Innovative Medicine, Leo-Pharma, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Samsung-Bioepis, STADA, Sun-Pharma, and UCB. Angelo Valerio Marzano reports consultancy/advisory boards disease-relevant honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Incyte, Leopharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB. Paolo Gisondi has been a consultant and/or speaker for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Sandoz, Sanofi, and UCB. Idolazzi served as consultant and/or speaker for AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Celgene, and Sandoz Girolomoni served as consultant and/or speaker for AbbVie, Abiogen, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Leo Pharma, Novartis, OM Pharma, Pfizer, Regeneron, Samsung, Sandoz, and UCB. Carlo Giovanni Carrera has served as a board participant or speaker for Abbvie, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Celgene, Almirall, and Leopharma. Anna López Ferrer has received payments or honoraria for educational events, support to attend meetings, and participation in advisory boards or consultancies from Abbvie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson and Johnson, Eli Lilly, Leo Pharma, Novartis and UCB. Stefano Piaserico has been a consultant and/or speaker for Abbvie, Almirall, Amgen, Bristol Myers, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz, and UCB. Prof. Julia-Tatjana Maul has served as advisor and/or received speaking fees and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, Incyte, Janssen-Cilag, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Sanofi, and UCB. Lara Valeska Maul has served as advisor and/or received speaking fees and/or grants and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by Almirall, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), Canfield, Eli Lilly, Incyte, L’ Oreal, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Roche, and Sanofi outside of the submitted work. Ronald Vender has been an advisor, consultant, speaker, and/or investigator for AbbVie, Actelion, Amgen, Aralez, Arcutis, Astellas, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Cipher, Centocor, Dermira, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GSK, Innovaderm, Janssen, Kabi-Care, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Palladin, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sandoz, Sun Pharma, Takeda, UCB, and Viatris-Mylan. Vimal H. Prajapati has been an advisor, consultant, and/or speaker for AbbVie, Actelion, Amgen, Apogee Therapeutics, Aralez, Arcutis, Aspen, Bausch Health, BioJAMP/JAMP Pharma, BioScript Solutions, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Canadian Psoriasis Network, Celgene, Celltrion, Cipher, CorEvitas, Eczema Society of Canada, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Homeocan, Incyte, J&J Innovative Medicine, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, LEO Pharma, Medexus, Novartis, Organon, Paladin, Pediapharm, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, Tribute, and UCB; investigator for AbbVie, AnaptysBio, Apogee Therapeutics, Apollo Therapeutics, Arcutis, Arena, Asana, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Concert, CorEvitas, Dermavant, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Incyte, J&J Innovative Medicine, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Nektar Therapeutics, Nimbus Lakshmi, Novartis, Pfizer, RAPT Therapeutics, Regeneron, Reistone, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, Takeda, UCB, and Vyne Therapeutics; and received grants from AbbVie, Bausch Health, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, and Sanofi Genzyme. Jensen Yeung has been an advisor, consultant, speaker, and/or investigator for AbbVie, Amgen, Anacor, Arcutis, Astellas, Bausche, Baxalta, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Centocor, Coherus, Dermira, Forward, Fresenius Kabi, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Medimmune, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, Takeda, UCB, and Xenon. Asfandyar Mufti has been a speaker for AbbVie and Janssen. Jose-Manuel Carrascosa has received consultancy/speaker’s honoraria from and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, J&J. Leo-Pharma, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Pfizer, Galderma, Sanofi and UCB. The remaining authors (Siddhartha Sood, Orhan Yilmaz, Jose Manuel Carrascosa, Gianmarco Silvi, Eugenia Veronica Di Brizzi, Barbara Guerra Leal, Elena Del-Alcazar, Francesca Bellinato, Luca Potestio) have no relevant disclosures of interest to declare.

: The study was conducted using anonymized and deidentified data in adherence with ethical standards with institutional research board (IRB) approval at academic insitutions involved.