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Article History

Received: 24 November 2025

Accepted: 8 January 2026

First Online: 5 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Andrew Blauvelt has served as a speaker (received honoraria) for Eli Lilly and Company, UCB, and Almirall; has served as a scientific adviser (received honoraria) for AbbVie, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Anaptysbio, Apogee, Arcutis, Astria, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Corvus, Dermavant, Eli Lilly and Company, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Immunovant, Incyte, IQVIA, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lipidio, Merck, Novartis, Oruka, Paragon, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Spherix Global Insights, Sun Pharma, Syncona, Takeda, UCB, Union, and Zai Lab; has acted as a clinical study investigator (institution has received clinical study funds) for AbbVie, Acelyrin, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Arcutis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Eli Lilly and Company, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Takeda, and UCB; and owns stock in Lipidio and Oruka. H. Chih-ho Hong is a researcher, consultant, and/or advisor for AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Aslan, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Celgene, Dermavant, Dermira, DS Biopharma, Eli Litty, Evelo, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, MedImmune, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, and UCB. Norito Katoh has received honoraria as a speaker/consultant for Sanofi, Maruho, Abbvie, Ely-Lilly Japan, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Jansen Pharma, Kyowa Kirin, Celgene Japan, Torii Pharmaceutical, and Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and has received grants as an investigator from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Torii Pharmaceutical, Maruho, Sun Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim Japan, Eisai, and LEO Pharma. Richard G Langley has served and received compensation in the form of grants and/or honoraria as principal investigator for and is on the scientific advisory board or has served as a speaker for AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB. Vivian Laquer has received grants from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Galderma, LEO Pharma, and Novartis. Aleksandra Lesiak has participated in advisory boards and received speaker fees from Novartis, Lilly, Sanofi, Sandoz, Abbvie, Pierre Fabre, Alfa Sigma, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Pfizer. Additionally, she has served as a principal investigator for LEO Pharma, AnaptysBio, and Dermira, and received speaker fees from Galderma, UCB, and Janssen. Ketty Peris reports grants or personal fees for participation in advisory boards from AbbVie, Almirall, Galderma, Lilly, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, and Janssen. Julien Seneschal has served as an advisor, paid speaker, or participated in clinical trials (with honoraria paid to the institution) sponsored by: AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen-Cilag, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi-Aventis, and UCB. Juan-Francisco Silvestre has served as a speaker, advisory board member, and/or investigator for: AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Apogee, Astra Zeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celldex, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, and Sanofi Genzyme. Richard B. Warren has received research grants or consulting fees from AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Arena, Astellas, Avillion, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, DiCE, Eli Lilly, GSK, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Medac, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, UCB, and UNION. He is supported by the Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. Andreas Wollenberg has served as an advisor, paid speaker, or participated in clinical trials (with honoraria paid to the institution) sponsored by: AbbVie, Aileens, Almirall, Amgen, Apogee, Beiersdorf, Bioderma, Bioproject, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chugai, DKSH, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Galderma, Glenmark, GSK, Hans Karrer, Hexal, Incyte, Janssen-Cilag, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, L’Oreal, Maruho, MedImmune, MSD, Mylan, MSD, Nektar, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Sandoz, Santen, Sanofi, and UCB. Matthew Zirwas has served as a speaker and/or consultant and/or investigator for Abbvie, Acrotech, Advanced Derm Solutions, Aldeyra, All Free Clear / Sun, Amgen, Anaptys Bio, Apogee, Arcutis, Basuch and Lomb, Beiersdorf, Biocon, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celldex, Cara Sun, Dermavant, Evommune, Evelo, Galderma, Google, Incyte, Janssen-Cilag, L’Oreal, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly, LUUM, Meta, Nimbus, Novan’ Novartis, Pfizer, Q32 Bio, Regeneron, Sanofi, Supernus, Takeda, Trevi, Trifecta, UCB, and Verrica. Niels Højsager Bennike, Farzaneh Safavimanesh, and Ann-Marie Tindberg are employees and/or shareholders of LEO Pharma. Kristian Reich has served as advisor and/or paid speaker for and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by Abbvie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Forward Pharma, Gilead, Galderma, Janssen-Cilag, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Medac, Novartis, Ocean Pharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB; Professor Reich is co-founder of Moonlake Immunotherapeutics.

: The ECZTRA 1–8, TraSki, and ECZTEND trials were reviewed and approved by institutional review boards or ethics committees at each trial site and followed the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guideline (Appendix in electronic Supplementary Material). The ECZTRA 1–8, TraSki, and ECZTEND trials were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles derived from international guidelines including the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964, and its later amendments, and Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences International Ethical Guidelines, and in compliance with International Council for Harmonization guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. All participants provided written informed consent.

: The authors thank the ECZTEND investigators and all individuals who participated in the ECZTRA 1–8, TraSki, and ECZTEND studies.