Document is current

Article History

Received: 10 December 2025

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 22 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Christopher G. Bunick has served as an investigator and/or consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, Apogee, Arcutis, Connect Biopharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Disc Medicine, EPI Health/Novan, LEO, Lilly, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Palvella, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun, Takeda, Teladoc, Timber, Triveni, and UCB. Christopher G. Bunick is an Editorial Board member of Dermatology and Therapy . Christopher G. Bunick was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Ruth Ann Vleugels is an investigator and/or consultant for AbbVie, Apogee, AZ, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, Pfizer, and Priovant. Mark Lebwohl has received research funds and/or consultant fees from AbbVie, Added Health, Aikium, Almirall, AltruBio Inc., Amgen, Apogee, Arcutis, AstraZeneca, Atomwise, Avotres, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cara Therapeutics, Castle Biosciences, Celltrion, Clexio, Corevitas, Dermavant Sciences, Dermsquared, Eli Lilly, Evommune, Inc., Facilitation of International Dermatology Education, Forte Biosciences, Galderma, Genentech, Incyte, Inozyme, Johnson & Johnson, LEO Pharma, Mayne Pharmaceuticals, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mindera, Mirium Pharmaceuticals, Oruka, Pfizer, Revolo, Sanofi-Regeneron, Seanergy, Strata, Sun Pharma, Takeda, Trevi, UCB, and Verrica. Mark Lebwohl is an Editorial Board member of Dermatology and Therapy . Mark Lebwohl was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. April W. Armstrong has served as a research investigator and/or scientific advisor to AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Dermira, EPI, Incyte, Janssen, LEO, Lilly, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun, and UCB. Ayman Grada, Emma Xiaomeng Yue, Madhi Saranadasa, Lani Wegrzyn, and Elvira D’Andrea were or are full-time employees of AbbVie, and may hold AbbVie stock and/or stock options.

: This study was exempt from institutional review board approval as it was a secondary database-based study. Patient consent was not needed as the data used for the analyses were de-identified and previously collected for administrative purposes (secondary data from the administrative claims database Optum CDM). Data were made available to the authors through a license agreement between AbbVie Inc. and Optum.