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Article History

Received: 22 October 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Shawn G. Kwatra is an advisory board member/consultant for Abbvie, Celldex Therapeutics, Galderma, Incyte Corporation, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, and Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals and has served as an investigator for Galderma, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer Inc., and Sanofi. Sonja Ständer is an investigator for Dermasence, Galderma, Kiniksa, Menlo, Novartis, Sanofi, Trevi; advisor for Almirall, Beiersdorf, Bellus Health, Bionorica, Cara, DS Biopharma, Galderma, Kiniksa, Menlo, Novartis and Trevi. Brian S. Kim is an investigator for Cara Therapeutics and Leo Pharma; advisor for Abbvie, Almirall, Amagma, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cara therapeutics, Eli Lilly and company, Guidepoint Global, Incyte corporation, Lecture Linx, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bellus Health, Blueprint medicines, Daewoong Pharmaceuticals, Granular Therapeutics, Maruho, Om Pharma, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Kiniksa, LEO Pharma, Menlo, Novartis, Pfizer, Recens Medical, Sanofi, Shaperon, Third rock ventures and Trevi therapeutics; Stock ownership in Locus Biosciences and Nuogen Pharma. Donia Bahloul, Melanie Makhija, Simmi Wiggins, and Jerome Msihid are employees of Sanofi and may hold stock/stock-options in Sanofi. Ryan B. Thomas, Joseph Zahn and Ashish Bansal are employees of, and stockholders in, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies [ ] and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. The studies included in this article have been approved by the relevant institutional review boards and ethics committees of centres where studies were conducted (refer to Table  in the electronic supplementary material). The institutional review board or independent ethics committee at all centres approved the protocol, investigator’s brochure, and any information provided to patients. The trials were previously conducted according to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Results presented in this article do not consist of any personally identifiable information.