Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 December 2025

Accepted: 5 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Andrew Alexis has received grants (funds to institution) from AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Castle, Dermavant, Genentech, Incyte, and LEO; has served on an advisory board or consulted for AbbVie, Allergan, Almirall, Alphyn, Alumis, Amgen, Apogee, Arcutis, Bausch Health, Beiersdorf, Boehringer Ingelheim, Botanix, Bristol Myers Squibb, Canfield, Castle, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Genentech, HairDays, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, LEO, L’Oréal, Novartis, Ortho, Oruka, Pfizer, Sanofi-Regeneron, Swiss American, Symrise, UCB, Veradermics, and VisualDx; has served as a speaker for Aerolase, Johnson & Johnson, L’Oréal, Regeneron, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Scientis; has received royalties from Elsevier, Springer, Wiley-Blackwell, and Wolters Kluwer Health; and has received equipment from Aerolase. Amy McMichael has received grants (funds to institution) and/or served as consultant/advisor for AbbVie, Almirall, Arcutis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Johnson & Johnson, Kenvue, L’Oréal, Nutrafol, Pfizer, Revian, Sanofi-Genzyme, and UCB. Neelam Vashi has served as a consultant for Biogen, Canfield, Johnson & Johnson, L’Oréal, Novartis, and Pfizer. Tina Bhutani is currently a principal investigator for studies being sponsored by AbbVie, Castle, CorEvitas, Dermavant, Galderma, Mindera, and Pfizer. She has additional research funding from Novartis and Regeneron. She has served as an advisor for AbbVie, Arcutis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Leo Pharma, Pfizer, Novartis, Sun, and UCB. Jensen Yeung is a speaker/consultant/honoraria/trialist for AbbVie, Amgen, Anacor, Arcutis, Astella, Bausch, Baxalta, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Centocor, Coherus, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Forward, Galderma, Johnson & Johnson, Leo, Medimmune, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun, Takeda, UCB, and Xenon. Katelyn Rowland, Theodore Alkousakis, and Tony Ma are employees of Johnson & Johnson and may own Johnson & Johnson stock/stock options. Olivia Choi was an employee Johnson & Johnson at the time this work was conducted and is a shareholder of Johnson & Johnson; she is currently an employee of Apogee Therapeutics. Daphne Chan was an employee Johnson & Johnson at the time this work was conducted and is a shareholder of Johnson & Johnson. Jenna Lester serves on the advisory board for Mattice Biosciences and OurX and is a consultant for L’Oréal and Google. Adrian O. Rodriguez has served as an advisor and/or speaker for Arcutis, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, EPI Health, Johnson & Johnson, Leo, Novartis, Sciton, Sun, and UCB. He owns stock in Strathspey Crown. Geeta Yadav has reported consultant/speaker/advisory board honorarium from AbbVie, Amgen, Aralez, Arcutis, Bausch Health, BioJAMP, Bristol Myers Squibb, Byrdie, Cipher, Galderma, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Kenvue, Leo, L’Oréal, Novartis, Paladin, Pfizer, P&G, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, UCB, and Unilever; and grants, research or clinical trial support from AbbVie, Amgen, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, Moonlake, and Sanofi. Chesahna Kindred has served as a consultant, advisory board member, and/or speaker for AbbVie, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun, and UCB; has served as an investigator and/or medical board member for AbbVie, Aerolase, Lilly, Pfizer, and Selphyl; and is a journal editor for Cutis . Pearl Grimes has served as a clinical investigator and/or consultant for AbbVie/Allergan, Clinuvel, Galderma, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, LaserOptek, L’Oréal, Medscape, Mother Science, Pfizer, RAPT, SkinBetterScience, and VYNE. Pearl Grimes is an Editorial Board member of Dermatology and Therapy . Pearl Grimes was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Susan C. Taylor has received honoraria/stock options serving as an advisor/consultant and/or speaker for AbbVie, Arcutis, Armis, Avita, Beiersdorf, Biorez, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cara, Dior, Eli Lilly, EPI, Evolus, Galderma, GloGetter, Hugel America, Johnson & Johnson, L’Oréal, Medscape/WebMD, MJH LifeSciences, Piction Health, Regeneron/Sanofi, Scientis US, UCB, Vichy, Mercer Strategies (honoraria/Board of Directors), McGraw-Hill (author/royalties), editorial board: Practical Dermatology , Cutis , Archives in Dermatologic Research , British Journal of Dermatology (peer reviewer); investigator: Concert Pharmaceuticals, Croma-Pharma, Eli Lilly, and Pfizer. Seemal R. Desai serves as a consultant and/or investigator for a variety of different organizations including Eli Lilly, Galderma, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, L’Oréal, Pfizer and others. He also serves in numerous leadership capacities within Dermatology.

: The VISIBLE study protocol was approved by appropriate institutional review boards (IRBs) or independent ethics committees. The central IRB is Advarra (Columbia, Maryland, USA; registration number 00000971). Prior to any study-related activity, participants provided informed consent in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practice and International Council on Harmonisation guidelines, applicable regulatory requirements, and sponsor policy.