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Article History

Received: 27 January 2026

Accepted: 27 February 2026

First Online: 28 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Athanasios Tsianakas: AT received honoraria for speaker and advisor activities from Almirall. AT acted as investigator in the presented TILOT trial. Nina Magnolo: speaker’s/advisor’s honoraria from Abbvie, Almirall, Amgen, BMS, Böhringer-Ingelheim, Celltrion, Dr. Wolff, Janssen-Cilag, La Roche-Posay, Leo Pharma, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi and UCB. Afra Kempf and Astrid Kirsch are employees of Almirall Hermal GmbH. Frank Andersohn: fees or honoraria from: Abbott, Almirall, AstraZeneca, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, InGef, Lundbeck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Xcenda. Georgios Kokolakis reports consulting fees from Bayer; payment or honoraria from AbbVie, Abbott, Actelion Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Basilea Pharmaceutica, Biogen IDEC, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Hexal, Janssen-Cilag, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly, MSD, Mylan, Novartis, Parexel, Pfizer and UCB Pharma; support for attending meetings or travel from AbbVie, Abbott, Amgen, Basilea Pharmaceutica, Celgene, Janssen-Cilag, LEO Pharma, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi and UCB Pharma; and serving on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for AbbVie, Abbott, Amgen, Basilea Pharmaceutica, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Janssen-Cilag, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Takeda and UCB Pharma. Dennis Niebel: travel reimbursements, speaker’s/advisor’s honoraria or research funding from: Abbvie, Almirall, Apogee Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celltrion, Bristol Myer Squibb, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Hexal AG/Sandoz Group, Incyte, Johnson and Johnson, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, L’Oreal, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun Pharma and UCB Pharma.

: The present meta-analysis included two completed and two ongoing non-interventional studies. All were designed, implemented and performed in accordance with the applicable legislation on non-interventional studies and the ethical principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines on good pharmacovigilance practices. ICH-GCP guidelines were followed whenever possible. The studies included in the meta-analysis received approval from their respective ethics committees (TILOT: ethics committee of the medical council Niedersachsen (Bo/40/2018), TiGER: ethics committee of the medical council Westfalen-Lippe and the Westphalian Wilhelms-University (2021-779-f-S), TIL-TWO: ethics committee of the University Regensburg (22-3193-101), TIL-SENIOR: ethics committee of the Charité, Berlin (EA4/031/23)). No diagnostic or therapeutic procedures beyond routine clinical practice were required, and treatment routine was not altered by these studies. All patients provided their written informed consent prior to participating in the respective study.