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Article History

Received: 23 December 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 25 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Seemal R. Desai has received fees and/or honoraria as a consultant for Almirall, Avita, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cassiopea SpA, Dermavant Sciences, Dermira, Ferndale Laboratories, Foamix, Galderma Laboratories LP, Incyte, MC2 Therapeutics, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Scientis, Sente Labs, SkinCeuticals LLC, UCB, and Verrica Pharmaceuticals; has received stock options as a consultant for Gore Range Capital; has received honoraria as a speaker for Almirall and Ortho Dermatologics; has received grants/research funding as an investigator for AbbVie, AOBiome LLC, Atacama Therapeutics, Brickell Biotech, Dermavant Sciences, Incyte, Novan, and SkinMedica; has served as an advisory board member for the Foundation for Research & Education of Dermatology; is a stockholder of Gore Range Capital; and is a shareholder in PDP of Texas. Khaled Ezzedine is a consultant for AbbVie, Incyte, La Roche-Posay, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, and Viela Bio. Markus Böhm has received honoraria from Incyte, Isispharma, AbbVie, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson for presentations on vitiligo. He served as an advisor for AbbVie, Almirall, Boehringer Ingelheim, Incyte, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, MSD, and Pfizer. Mauro Picardo has received honoraria from AbbVie, Incyte, and Pfizer. Jose Luis López-Estebaranz has served as a consultant to, participated in clinical trials for, and/or received speaking fees from Almirall, AbbVie, Bioderma, BMS, Galderma, Isdin, Incyte, Invasix, Janssen, Leo-Pharma, Lilly, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Pfizer, and UCB. Nikoletta Sternbach is an employee of Oracle Life Sciences. Samantha K. Kurosky, Roni Adiri, Abaigeal Jackson, Matthew Brouillette, Genevieve Gauthier, Mojgan Sadrarhami, Griffith Bell, and Helen Tran are employees of and may hold stock or stock options in Pfizer Inc. Shailja Vaghela is an employee of HealthEcon Consulting, Inc. and an external consultant to Pfizer, Inc. Viktoria Eleftheriadou has served as a consultant, speaker, and/or investigator for AbbVie, Almirall, Incyte, MSD, Pfizer, L’Oreal, La Roche Posay, Beiersdorg, Galderma, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Genesis Pharma. She is a representative for clinical trials of the Research Sub-Committee of the Executive Committee of the British Association of Dermatologists (BAD) and a member of the Therapy and Guidelines Sub-Committee of the BAD; has held a position of interest for the Trial Generation and Prioritization Panel (UK Dermatology Clinical Trials Network) and is the NIHR West Midlands RRDN dermatology specialty lead; and is co-director of the Global Vitiligo Atlas (GLOVA)—a project of the International League of Dermatological Societies.

: All participants provided informed consent. The Pearl Institute Review Board (Indianapolis, IN, USA) reviewed the protocols and materials for 2024 US and 5EU NHWS original fielding and granted exemption from expedited or full ethical review.