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Article History

Received: 17 February 2026

Accepted: 10 March 2026

First Online: 4 April 2026

Declarations

:

: April W Armstrong has served as a research investigator, scientific adviser, or speaker for AbbVie, Alumis Inc., Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Johnson & Johnson, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun, Takeda, and UCB Pharma. James G Krueger has received institutional grant support from AbbVie, Amgen, Artax Biopharma, Avillion, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, ONO-Pharma, Oruka Therapeutics, Pfizer, Provectus, Regeneron, SUDO Bio, Takeda, UCB Pharma, Ventyx, Vitae, and Zomagen; and has received fees for consulting from AbbVie, Allergan, Almirall, Alumis Inc., Amgen, Artax Biopharma, Aristea, Biogen Idec, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Calliditas, CSL Behring, Eli Lilly, Escalier, Evommune, Incyte, Innovaderm, Janssen, Kymera Therapeutics, Kyowa Kirin, MC2 Therapeutics, Merck, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics, Navigator Medicines, Novartis, Nuvig Therapeutics, Organon, Ortho Dermatologics, Oruka Therapeutics, Pfizer, Sanofi, Schrodinger, Sun Pharma, Takeda, Target-Derm, UCB Pharma, UNION Therapeutics, Valeant, and Ventyx. Bruce E Strober has served as a consultant and received honoraria from AbbVie, Almirall, Alumis Inc., Amgen, Apogee, Arcutis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, CorEvitas, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Immunovant, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Maruho, Meiji Seika Pharma, Neurocrine Biosciences, Novartis, Oruka Therapeutics, Pfizer, Protagonist Therapeutics, RAPT Therapeutics, Regeneron, Sanofi-Genzyme, selectION, Takeda, and UCB Pharma; has stock options in Mindera Health and selectION; has served as a speaker for AbbVie, Arcutis, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Regeneron, and Sanofi-Genzyme; served as scientific codirector and received consulting fees from CorEvitas Psoriasis Registry; and served as an investigator for CorEvitas Psoriasis and GPP Registries, Incyte, Oruka Therapeutics, and Takeda. Linda F Stein Gold has served as an advisor, investigator, and/or speaker for AbbVie, Alumis Inc., Amgen, Arcutis, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Incyte, Kymera, LEO Pharma, Johnson & Johnson, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Takeda. Seemal R Desai has served as a consultant and/or investigator for AbbVie, Alumis Inc., Arcutis, Eli Lilly, Incyte, L’Oreal, Pfizer, and other organizations; and held multiple leadership positions within dermatology and other specialties. Elisa Muscianisi, Yuri Klyachkin, Sibel Ucpinar, and Mera K Tilley are employees and shareholders of Alumis Inc. Andrew Blauvelt has served as a speaker and received honoraria for Almirall, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma; has served as a scientific adviser and received honoraria for AbbVie, Almirall, Alumis Inc., Amgen, Anaptysbio, Apogee, Arcutis, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Oruka Therapeutics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Takeda, and UCB Pharma; and owns stock in Lipidio and Oruka Therapeutics.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.