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Article History

Received: 23 November 2025

Accepted: 25 March 2026

First Online: 10 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Professor Layton has served as advisor on clinical trial development or as a consultant for Alliance, Almirall, L’Oreal, Beiersdorf, La Roche Posay, Galderma pharma, Eligo, Novartis on subjects related to acne. She has also provided unrestricted educational talks for Almirall, Beiersdorf, Galderma Pharma, Leo, L’Oreal, La Roche Posay, on subjects related to acne. Yalda Salari has nothing to disclose. Moe Latt has nothing to disclose. Eva Lau has nothing to disclose.

: This study was conducted using data from an ethically approved NHS clinical database (REC reference: 21/NE/0158), with approval from the Research Ethics Committee and Health Research Authority. All participants provided informed consent, and all data were anonymised prior to analysis.