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Article History

Received: 8 March 2026

Accepted: 8 May 2026

First Online: 17 June 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Jonathan I. Silverberg received honoraria as a consultant and/or advisory board member for AbbVie, Aldena, Amgen, AOBiome, Apollo, Arcutis, Arena, Asana, Aslan, Attovia, Bodewell, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cara, Castle Biosciences, Celgene, Connect Biopharma, Corevitas, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, FIDE, Formation Bio, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte, Inmagene, Invea, Kiniksa, LEO Pharma, Merck, Nektar, Novartis, Optum, Pfizer, RAPT, Recludix, Regeneron, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, Shaperon, TARGET-RWE, Teva, Triveni, Union, UpToDate; speaker for AbbVie, Arcutis, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi-Genzyme; institution received grants from Galderma, Incyte, Pfizer. Alan D. Irvin received research funding or served as an advisor, speaker, or consultant for AbbVie, Arena Pharmaceuticals, BenevolentAI, Eli Lilly and Company, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Sitryx. Peter Foley received research funding or served as an advisor, speaker, or consultant received grants from AbbVie, Alumis, Amgen, Apogee, Argenx, Arcutis, Aslan, AstraZeneca, Avalo, Boehringer Ingelheim, Botanix, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celtaxsys, Claruvis, CSL, Cutanea, Dermira, Eli Lilly and Company, Evelo, Galderma, Genentech, Geneseq, GenesisCare, GlaxoSmithKline, Hexima, Incyte, Janssen, Kymab, LEO Pharma, Mayne Pharma, Merck, MedImmune, Novartis, Oruka, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Roche, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Takeda, Teva, UCB Pharma, Valeant, and ZaiLab. James Del Rosso received grants as an investigator, honoraria for lecturing, and/or consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen (Celgene), AOBiome, Aslan, Arbonne, Arcutis, Bausch Health (Ortho Derm), Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Dermira, Eli Lilly and Company, Exeltis, Ferndale, Galderma, Incyte, IntraDerm, Johnson & Johnson, La Roche-Posay/L’Oréal, LEO Pharma, Menlo Therapeutics, Nektar, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron/Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, Theraplex, UCB Pharma, Unilever, and Verrica Pharmaceuticals. Luis Puig received consultancy/speaker’s honoraria from and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Fresenius-Kabi, J&J Innovative Medicine, Leo-Pharma, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, STADA, Sun Pharma, and UCB and is an Editorial Board member of Dermatology and Therapy but was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Linda Stein Gold is an investigator and/or consultant and/or speaker for: AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Eli Lilly and Company, Galderma, Incyte Corporation, Janssen, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma. Masahiro Kamata received honoraria for lectures from Eli Lilly and Company and LEO Pharma. Andreas Wollenberg served as an advisor or paid speaker for, or participated in clinical trials (with honoraria paid to the institution) sponsored by AbbVie, Aileens, Almirall, Amgen, Apogee, Beiersdorf, Bioderma, Bioproject, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chugai, DKSH, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Galderma, Glenmark, GSK, Hans Karrer, Hexal, Incyte, Janssen-Cilag, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, L’Oreal, Maruho, MedImmune, MSD, Mylan, Nektar, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Sandoz, Santen, Sanofi-Aventis and UCB. Chia-Yu Chu received research funding or served as an advisor, consultant, investigator, or speaker for AbbVie, Amgen, Blueprint, Celldex, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Oneness Biotech, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, and Viatris. Martin Dossenbach, Marta Casillas, and Gaia Gallo are employees and minor shareholders of Eli Lilly and Company. Buelent Akmaz is an employee of Almirall. Kim Rand is an employee of Maths In Health B.V., which was funded by Eli Lilly and Company to provide analytical services for this publication. Raj Chovatiya served as an advisor, consultant, speaker, and/or investigator for AbbVie, Acelyrin, Alumis, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Apogee Therapeutics, Arcutis Biotherapeutics Inc., Argenx, Astria Therapeutics Inc., Avalere Health, Beiersdorf, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cara Therapeutics, Castle Biosciences, CLn Skin Care, Dermavant, Eli Lilly and Company, EMD Serono, Formation Bio, Galderma, Genentech, GSK, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Kenvue, LEO Pharma, L’Oréal, Nektar Therapeutics, Novartis, Opsidio, Pfizer Inc., RAPT, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sitryx, Takeda, TRex Bio, and UCB and is an Editorial Board member of Dermatology and Therapy but was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

Ethical Approval: The ADvocate 1/2 trials, SOLO 1/2 and SOLO-CONTINUE trials, and ECZTRA 1/2 trials were approved by the ethics committees of the respective institutions. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients enrolled in the trials; however, informed consent for this analysis was not required because it used anonymized data from previously published studies and did not involve primary data collection.